Chapter 1 Wave Propagation
Principles of Wave Motion
Figure 1-1. Formation of Waves in Water
Transverse Waves
Longitudinal Waves
Figure 1-6. The Three Elements of Sound
Wavelength
Frequency and Time
Figure 1-8. Longitudinal Wave Represented Graphically by a Transverse Wave
Wave Propagation -Cont.
Reflection
Refraction - TC-9-640023
Figure 1-10. Refraction of a Wave
Diffraction
Sound Waves
Requirements for Sound
Figure 1-12. No Air, No Sound
Sound Pitch
Sound Intensity
Sound Quality
Table 1-1. Comparison of Velocity of Sound in Various Mediums
Refraction - TC-9-640033
Resonance
Electromagnetic Theory of Light
Figure 1-17. Waves and Radii from a Nearby Light Source
Luminous Bodies
Properties Of Light
Figure 1-20. Transparent, Translucent, and Opaque Substances
Reflection of Light
Absorption of Light
Table 1-2. Comparison of Light Waves and Sound Waves
Figure 1-22. Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Basic Antenna
Figure 1-24. Antenna
Electric Field
Figure 1-26. Electric Fields between Plates at Different Angles
Magnetic Field
Figure 1-28. Magnetic Fields around Elements
Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
Figure 1-30. Relationship of E-Lines and Current Flow
Figure 1-Sum 3. The Three Elements of Sound
Figure 1-Sum 4. Reflection of a Wave
Figure 1-Sum 5. Refraction of a Wave
Figure 1-Sum 6. Musical Sound Versus Noise
Figure 1-Sum 7. Use of a Prism to Split White Light into Different Colors
Figure 1-Sum 8. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Check-on-Learning Questions - TC-9-640058
Check-on-Learning Questions -Cont. - TC-9-640059
Chapter 2 Radio Wave Propagation
Induction Field
Figure 2-1. Induction Field about an Antenna
Radiation Field
Figure 2-3. Radiation from an Antenna
Radio Waves
Table 2-1. Radio Frequency Bands
Wavelength to Frequency Conversions
Wavelength to Frequency Conversions -Cont.
Polarization - TC-9-640069
Atmospheric Propagation
Refraction - TC-9-640071
Figure 2-8. Radio Wave Refraction
Effect of the Earth's Atmosphere on Radio Waves
Figure 2-10. Layers of the Earth's Atmosphere
Radio Wave Transmission Paths
Figure 2-12. Surface Wave Propagation
Sky Wave
Structure of the Ionosphere
Four Distinct Layers
Figure 2-14. Layers of the Ionosphere
Figure 2-15. Effects of Ionospheric Density on Radio Waves
Angle of Incidence
Skip Distance/Skip Zone
Propagation Paths
Figure 2-20. Ray Paths for a Fixed Frequency with Varying Angles of Incidence
Multipath Fading
Ground Reflection Loss
Man-Made Interference
Natural Interference
Irregular Variations
Irregular Variations -Cont.
Maximum Usable Frequency
Figure 2-23. Refraction of Frequency below the Lowest Usable Frequency (LUF)
Precipitation Attenuation
Temperature Inversion
Tropospheric Scattering
Figure 2-26. Tropospheric Scattering Propagation
Application of Tropospheric Scattering
Figure 2-Sum 1. Vertical and Horizontal Polarization
Figure 2-Sum 3. Ground and Sky Waves
Figure 2-Sum 5. Space Wave Propagation
Figure 2-Sum 7. Frequency Versus Refraction and Distance
Figure 2-Sum 9. Relationship between Skip Zone, Skip Distance, and Ground Wave
Figure 2-Sum 11. Refraction of Frequency below the Lowest Usable Frequency (LUF)
Figure 2-Sum 13. Tropospheric Scattering Propagation
Check-on-Learning Questions - TC-9-640106
Check-on-Learning Questions -Cont. - TC-9-640107
Chapter 3 Principles of Transmission Lines
Parallel Line
Twisted Pair
Shielded Pair
Figure 3-6. Rigid (Air) Coaxial Line
Waveguides
Copper Losses
Radiation and Induction Losses
Length of A Transmission Line
Lumped Constants
Inductance of a Transmission Line
Resistance of a Transmission Line
Figure 3-13. Leakage in a Transmission Line
Definition and Symbols
Characteristic Impedance and the Infinite Line
Figure 3-16. Characteristic Impedance
Characteristic Impedance and the Infinite Line -Cont.
Figure 3-17 Termination of a Line
DC Applied to a Transmission Line
Figure 3-19. AC Voltage Applied to a Transmission Line
DC Applied to an Infinite Line
AC Applied to an Infinite Line
Figure 3-22. Instantaneous Voltages along a Transmission Line
Velocity of Wave Propagation
Figure 3-23. DC Applied to an Equivalent Transmission Line
Determining Characteristics Impedance
Reflections on A Transmission Line
Reflection of DC Voltage from an Open Circuit
Figure 3-24. Reflection from an Open-Ended Line
Reflection of DC Voltage from a Short Circuit
Figure 3-25. Reflection from a Short-Circuited Line
Figure 3-26. Formation of Standing Waves
Reflection of AC Voltage from an Open Circuit
Figure 3-27. Instantaneous Values of Incident and Reflected Waves on an Open-Ended Line
Figure 3-28. Conventional Picture of Standing Waves
Figure 3-29. Composite Results of Instantaneous Waves
Reflection of AC Voltage from a Short Circuit
Terminating A Transmission Line
Figure 3-31. Sending-End Impedance of Various Lengths and Terminations
Impedance for Various Lengths of Open Lines
Figure 3-32. Voltage, Current, and Impedance on Open Line
Impedance of Various Lengths of Shorted Lines
Effect of Termination on Standing Waves
Figure 3-34. Effects of Various Terminations on Standing Waves
Termination in Inductance
Standing Wave Ratio
Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio
Figure 3-Sum 2. Two-Wire Ribbon Type Line
Figure 3-Sum 5. Rigid (Air) Coaxial Line
Figure 3-Sum 8. Equivalent Circuit of a Two-Wire Transmission Line
Figure 3-Sum 10. Leakage in a Transmission Line
Figure 3-Sum 12. Characteristic Impedance
Figure 3-Sum 14. Instantaneous Values of Incident and Reflected Waves
Figure 3-Sum 15. Voltage, Current, and Impedance on a Shorted Line
Figure 3-Sum 16. Various Termination Effects on Standing Waves
Check-On-Learning Questions - TC-9-640163
Check-On-Learning Questions -Cont. - TC-9-640164
Chapter 4 Antennas
Learning Objectives
Figure 4-2. Warning Signs for Radio Frequency Radiation Hazards
Principles of Antenna Radiation
Figure 4-3. Typical Antenna System
Current and Voltage Distribution on an Antenna
Figure 4-5. Current and Voltage Distribution on a Antenna
Radiation of Electromagnetic Energy
Figure 4-7. Standing Waves of Voltage and Current on an Antenna
Reciprocity of Antennas
Polarization - TC-9-640176
Polarization Requirements for Various Frequencies
Advantages of Vertical Polarization
Advantages of Horizontal Polarization
Radiation Types and Patterns
Figure 4-11. Comparison of Rectangular and Polar-Coordinate Graph for an Isotropic Source
Rectangular-Coordinate Pattern
Anisotropic Radiation
Figure 4-12. Anisotropic Radiator
Figure 4-13. Polar-Coordinate Graph for Anisotropic Radiator
Antenna Loading
Basic Antennas
Figure 4-15. Development of Vertical and Horizontal Pattern
Figure 4-16. Radiation Pattern of a Dipole
Methods of Feeding Energy to an Antenna
Characteristics of Quarter-Wave Antennas
Figure 4-20. Ground Screen and Counterpoise
Figure 4-21. Folded-Dipole Antennas
Array Antennas
Radiation Pattern
Stub Phasing
Figure 4-23. Phasing of Connected Elements
Directivity and Interference
Major and Minor Lobes
Figure 4-26. Single Half-Wave Antenna versus Two Half-Wave Antenna in Phase
Broadside Arrays
Figure 4-27. Typical Broadside Array
Gain and directivity
End-Fire Arrays
Figure 4-30. Parallel Elements 180 Degrees Out of Phase
Gain and directivity
Parasitic Arrays
Parasitic Arrays - Cont.
Figure 4-32. Patterns Obtained Using a Reflector with Proper Spacing
Multi-Element Parasitic Array
Figure 4-33. Yagi Antenna
Figure 4-34. Typical Parasitic Array Used for Transmitting and Receiving
Long-Wire Antenna
Rhombic Antenna
Figure 4-38. Basic Rhombic Antenna
Figure 4-39. Formation of a Rhombic Antenna Beam
Turnstile Antenna
Figure 4-40. Turnstile Antenna Radiation Pattern
Ground-Plane Antenna
Corner Reflector
Figure 4-43. Corner-Reflector Antenna
Figure 4-Sum 1. Reciprocity of Antennas
Figure 4-Sum 2. Radiation Patterns
Figure 4-Sum 3. Radiating Energy of an Isotropic Radiator
Figure 4-Sum 4. Directional Radiating Energy of an Anisotropic Radiator
Figure 4-Sum 6. Antenna Loading
Figure 4-Sum 8. Quarter-Wave Antenna
Figure 4-Sum 9. Ground Screen and Counterpoise Antennas
Figure 4-Sum 11. Broadside Array Elements
Figure 4-Sum 13. Parasitic Array
Figure 4-Sum 16. Beverage Antenna Wavelengths
Figure 4-Sum 18. Rhombic Antenna Conductors
Figure 4-Sum 19. Turnstile Antenna
Check-On-Learning Questions
Check-On-Learning Questions -Cont. - TC-9-640235
Appendix A Check-On-Learning Answers - TC-9-640236
Appendix A Check-On-Learning Answers -Cont. - TC-9-640237
Appendix A Check-On-Learning Answers -Cont. - TC-9-640238
Appendix A Check-On-Learning Answers -Cont. - TC-9-640239
Appendix A Check-On-Learning Answers -Cont. - TC-9-640240
Appendix A Check-On-Learning Answers -Cont. - TC-9-640241
Appendix A Check-On-Learning Answers -Cont. - TC-9-640242
Glossary - TC-9-640244
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640245
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640246
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640247
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640248
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640249
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640250
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640251
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640252
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640253
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640254
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640255
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640256
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640257
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640258
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640259
Wave Propagation, Transmission Lines, and Antennas
Principles of Wave Motion
Figure 1-1. Formation of Waves in Water
Transverse Waves
Longitudinal Waves
Figure 1-6. The Three Elements of Sound
Wavelength
Frequency and Time
Figure 1-8. Longitudinal Wave Represented Graphically by a Transverse Wave
Wave Propagation -Cont.
Reflection
Refraction - TC-9-640023
Figure 1-10. Refraction of a Wave
Diffraction
Sound Waves
Requirements for Sound
Figure 1-12. No Air, No Sound
Sound Pitch
Sound Intensity
Sound Quality
Table 1-1. Comparison of Velocity of Sound in Various Mediums
Refraction - TC-9-640033
Resonance
Electromagnetic Theory of Light
Figure 1-17. Waves and Radii from a Nearby Light Source
Luminous Bodies
Properties Of Light
Figure 1-20. Transparent, Translucent, and Opaque Substances
Reflection of Light
Absorption of Light
Table 1-2. Comparison of Light Waves and Sound Waves
Figure 1-22. Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Basic Antenna
Figure 1-24. Antenna
Electric Field
Figure 1-26. Electric Fields between Plates at Different Angles
Magnetic Field
Figure 1-28. Magnetic Fields around Elements
Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
Figure 1-30. Relationship of E-Lines and Current Flow
Figure 1-Sum 3. The Three Elements of Sound
Figure 1-Sum 4. Reflection of a Wave
Figure 1-Sum 5. Refraction of a Wave
Figure 1-Sum 6. Musical Sound Versus Noise
Figure 1-Sum 7. Use of a Prism to Split White Light into Different Colors
Figure 1-Sum 8. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Check-on-Learning Questions - TC-9-640058
Check-on-Learning Questions -Cont. - TC-9-640059
Chapter 2 Radio Wave Propagation
Induction Field
Figure 2-1. Induction Field about an Antenna
Radiation Field
Figure 2-3. Radiation from an Antenna
Radio Waves
Table 2-1. Radio Frequency Bands
Wavelength to Frequency Conversions
Wavelength to Frequency Conversions -Cont.
Polarization - TC-9-640069
Atmospheric Propagation
Refraction - TC-9-640071
Figure 2-8. Radio Wave Refraction
Effect of the Earth's Atmosphere on Radio Waves
Figure 2-10. Layers of the Earth's Atmosphere
Radio Wave Transmission Paths
Figure 2-12. Surface Wave Propagation
Sky Wave
Structure of the Ionosphere
Four Distinct Layers
Figure 2-14. Layers of the Ionosphere
Figure 2-15. Effects of Ionospheric Density on Radio Waves
Angle of Incidence
Skip Distance/Skip Zone
Propagation Paths
Figure 2-20. Ray Paths for a Fixed Frequency with Varying Angles of Incidence
Multipath Fading
Ground Reflection Loss
Man-Made Interference
Natural Interference
Irregular Variations
Irregular Variations -Cont.
Maximum Usable Frequency
Figure 2-23. Refraction of Frequency below the Lowest Usable Frequency (LUF)
Precipitation Attenuation
Temperature Inversion
Tropospheric Scattering
Figure 2-26. Tropospheric Scattering Propagation
Application of Tropospheric Scattering
Figure 2-Sum 1. Vertical and Horizontal Polarization
Figure 2-Sum 3. Ground and Sky Waves
Figure 2-Sum 5. Space Wave Propagation
Figure 2-Sum 7. Frequency Versus Refraction and Distance
Figure 2-Sum 9. Relationship between Skip Zone, Skip Distance, and Ground Wave
Figure 2-Sum 11. Refraction of Frequency below the Lowest Usable Frequency (LUF)
Figure 2-Sum 13. Tropospheric Scattering Propagation
Check-on-Learning Questions - TC-9-640106
Check-on-Learning Questions -Cont. - TC-9-640107
Chapter 3 Principles of Transmission Lines
Parallel Line
Twisted Pair
Shielded Pair
Figure 3-6. Rigid (Air) Coaxial Line
Waveguides
Copper Losses
Radiation and Induction Losses
Length of A Transmission Line
Lumped Constants
Inductance of a Transmission Line
Resistance of a Transmission Line
Figure 3-13. Leakage in a Transmission Line
Definition and Symbols
Characteristic Impedance and the Infinite Line
Figure 3-16. Characteristic Impedance
Characteristic Impedance and the Infinite Line -Cont.
Figure 3-17 Termination of a Line
DC Applied to a Transmission Line
Figure 3-19. AC Voltage Applied to a Transmission Line
DC Applied to an Infinite Line
AC Applied to an Infinite Line
Figure 3-22. Instantaneous Voltages along a Transmission Line
Velocity of Wave Propagation
Figure 3-23. DC Applied to an Equivalent Transmission Line
Determining Characteristics Impedance
Reflections on A Transmission Line
Reflection of DC Voltage from an Open Circuit
Figure 3-24. Reflection from an Open-Ended Line
Reflection of DC Voltage from a Short Circuit
Figure 3-25. Reflection from a Short-Circuited Line
Figure 3-26. Formation of Standing Waves
Reflection of AC Voltage from an Open Circuit
Figure 3-27. Instantaneous Values of Incident and Reflected Waves on an Open-Ended Line
Figure 3-28. Conventional Picture of Standing Waves
Figure 3-29. Composite Results of Instantaneous Waves
Reflection of AC Voltage from a Short Circuit
Terminating A Transmission Line
Figure 3-31. Sending-End Impedance of Various Lengths and Terminations
Impedance for Various Lengths of Open Lines
Figure 3-32. Voltage, Current, and Impedance on Open Line
Impedance of Various Lengths of Shorted Lines
Effect of Termination on Standing Waves
Figure 3-34. Effects of Various Terminations on Standing Waves
Termination in Inductance
Standing Wave Ratio
Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio
Figure 3-Sum 2. Two-Wire Ribbon Type Line
Figure 3-Sum 5. Rigid (Air) Coaxial Line
Figure 3-Sum 8. Equivalent Circuit of a Two-Wire Transmission Line
Figure 3-Sum 10. Leakage in a Transmission Line
Figure 3-Sum 12. Characteristic Impedance
Figure 3-Sum 14. Instantaneous Values of Incident and Reflected Waves
Figure 3-Sum 15. Voltage, Current, and Impedance on a Shorted Line
Figure 3-Sum 16. Various Termination Effects on Standing Waves
Check-On-Learning Questions - TC-9-640163
Check-On-Learning Questions -Cont. - TC-9-640164
Chapter 4 Antennas
Learning Objectives
Figure 4-2. Warning Signs for Radio Frequency Radiation Hazards
Principles of Antenna Radiation
Figure 4-3. Typical Antenna System
Current and Voltage Distribution on an Antenna
Figure 4-5. Current and Voltage Distribution on a Antenna
Radiation of Electromagnetic Energy
Figure 4-7. Standing Waves of Voltage and Current on an Antenna
Reciprocity of Antennas
Polarization - TC-9-640176
Polarization Requirements for Various Frequencies
Advantages of Vertical Polarization
Advantages of Horizontal Polarization
Radiation Types and Patterns
Figure 4-11. Comparison of Rectangular and Polar-Coordinate Graph for an Isotropic Source
Rectangular-Coordinate Pattern
Anisotropic Radiation
Figure 4-12. Anisotropic Radiator
Figure 4-13. Polar-Coordinate Graph for Anisotropic Radiator
Antenna Loading
Basic Antennas
Figure 4-15. Development of Vertical and Horizontal Pattern
Figure 4-16. Radiation Pattern of a Dipole
Methods of Feeding Energy to an Antenna
Characteristics of Quarter-Wave Antennas
Figure 4-20. Ground Screen and Counterpoise
Figure 4-21. Folded-Dipole Antennas
Array Antennas
Radiation Pattern
Stub Phasing
Figure 4-23. Phasing of Connected Elements
Directivity and Interference
Major and Minor Lobes
Figure 4-26. Single Half-Wave Antenna versus Two Half-Wave Antenna in Phase
Broadside Arrays
Figure 4-27. Typical Broadside Array
Gain and directivity
End-Fire Arrays
Figure 4-30. Parallel Elements 180 Degrees Out of Phase
Gain and directivity
Parasitic Arrays
Parasitic Arrays - Cont.
Figure 4-32. Patterns Obtained Using a Reflector with Proper Spacing
Multi-Element Parasitic Array
Figure 4-33. Yagi Antenna
Figure 4-34. Typical Parasitic Array Used for Transmitting and Receiving
Long-Wire Antenna
Rhombic Antenna
Figure 4-38. Basic Rhombic Antenna
Figure 4-39. Formation of a Rhombic Antenna Beam
Turnstile Antenna
Figure 4-40. Turnstile Antenna Radiation Pattern
Ground-Plane Antenna
Corner Reflector
Figure 4-43. Corner-Reflector Antenna
Figure 4-Sum 1. Reciprocity of Antennas
Figure 4-Sum 2. Radiation Patterns
Figure 4-Sum 3. Radiating Energy of an Isotropic Radiator
Figure 4-Sum 4. Directional Radiating Energy of an Anisotropic Radiator
Figure 4-Sum 6. Antenna Loading
Figure 4-Sum 8. Quarter-Wave Antenna
Figure 4-Sum 9. Ground Screen and Counterpoise Antennas
Figure 4-Sum 11. Broadside Array Elements
Figure 4-Sum 13. Parasitic Array
Figure 4-Sum 16. Beverage Antenna Wavelengths
Figure 4-Sum 18. Rhombic Antenna Conductors
Figure 4-Sum 19. Turnstile Antenna
Check-On-Learning Questions
Check-On-Learning Questions -Cont. - TC-9-640235
Appendix A Check-On-Learning Answers - TC-9-640236
Appendix A Check-On-Learning Answers -Cont. - TC-9-640237
Appendix A Check-On-Learning Answers -Cont. - TC-9-640238
Appendix A Check-On-Learning Answers -Cont. - TC-9-640239
Appendix A Check-On-Learning Answers -Cont. - TC-9-640240
Appendix A Check-On-Learning Answers -Cont. - TC-9-640241
Appendix A Check-On-Learning Answers -Cont. - TC-9-640242
Glossary - TC-9-640244
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640245
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640246
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640247
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640248
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640249
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640250
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640251
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640252
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640253
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640254
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640255
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640256
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640257
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640258
Glossary -Cont. - TC-9-640259
Wave Propagation, Transmission Lines, and Antennas
