Lesson 1 Geodesy for The Layman
Part A- Figures of the Earth
Figure 1-2. Flattening Fraction
Figure 1-3. Geodetic Coordinates
Geoid
Part B- Geodetic Surveying
Figure 1-5. Astronomic Coordinates
Figure 1-6. Deflection of the Vertical
Horizontal Control Technique
Figure 1-7. Principles of Traverse
Figure 1-8. Principles of Triangulation
Figure 1-9. Simple Triangulation Net - Example 1
Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation Net - Example 2
Figure 1-11. Arc Distance Determination by Star Occultation
Figure 1-12. SECOR Ranging of Satellite
Vertical Control by Gravimetric Technique
Vertical Control by Gravimetric Technique -Cont. - en0593a0024
Vertical Control by Gravimetric Technique -Cont. - en0593a0025
Figure 13. Airy's Theory of Compensation
Figure 1-14. Effects of Mass Anomalies on the Geoid
Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravimetric Method
Determining the Earth's Size and Shape
Part C- Geodetic Datums
Part C- Geodetic Datums -Cont.
Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Station Datum Orientation
Table 1-2. Deviation of the Laplace Equation
Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflection of the Vertical
Figure 1-18. Geoid Profile of the 98th Meridian
Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum Orientation
Figure 1-20. Gravimetric Datum Orientation
Figure 1-21. Astro-Gravimetric Datum Orientation
Part D-Connecting Horizontal Datums
Part E-Geodetic Systems
The Preferred Datums
Figure 1-23. Preferred Datums
Figure 1-24. The Preferred Datums are Relative Datums
The World Geodetic System
The World Geodetic System -Cont.
The National Imagery and Mapping Agency World System
The Department of Defense World Datum
Lesson 1 Practice Exercise - en0593a0048
Lesson 1 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0049
Lesson 1 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0050
Answer Key and Feedback - en0593a0052
Answer Key and Feedback -Cont. - en0593a0053
Lesson 2 Preliminary Survey Operations
Part A- Survey Missions
Part A- Survey Missions -Cont.
Part C-Survey Types
Part D-Survey Methods
Part E -Survey Classifications
Part F-Survey Networks
Part G -Survey Equipment
Part H-Field Work
Survey Purpose
Observations of Differences in Elevations
Field Notes (DA Form 4446)
Field Notes (DA Form 4446) -Cont.
Part I-Office Work
Establishing Records
Part J-Survey Communication
Park K- System Accuracies and Requirements
Figure 2-1. Solving Angles and Using the Law of Sines
Classification of Triangulation
A Typical Triangulation Net
Acceptable Error of Angle Measurements
Part L-Survey Reconnaissance
Electronic Distance-Measuring Equipment
Reconnaissance Party Composition
Recovery and Verification of Existing Control Stations
New Station Sites
Station Names
Landowner Permission
Station Description and Sketch
Intervisibility of Stations.
Table 2-1. Correction for the Earth's Curvature and Refraction
Figure 2-5. Clearance of Obstruction
Figure 2-7. The Effect of Curvature at an Intermediate Obstruction
Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solution
Figure 2-10. Horizontal Refraction Due to Air Currents Down a Slope or Hill
Final Selection of Station Sites
Final Selection of Station Sites -Cont.
Part M-Signals and Towers
Figure 2-11. Cells Connected in a Series
Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Parallel
Figure 2-14. Series-Parallel Connection of Nine Cells in Three Units of Three Cells Each
Part M-Signals and Towers -Cont.
Wooden Signal Stands
Figure 2-16. Construction Details for a 4-Foot Stand
Figure 2-16. Construction Details for a 4-Foot Stand (continued)
Wooden Towers
Lesson 2 Practice Exercise - en0593a0102
Lesson 2 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0103
Lesson 2 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0104
Answer Key and Feedback - en0593a0106
Lesson 3 Horizontal Measurements
Tape Measurements
Baseline Alignment
Instruments and Appliances
Members of a Baseline Party
Figure 3-1. Tape Stretcher and Spring Balance
Run a Baseline
Level the Baseline
Figure 3-2. DA Form 4446 (Sample of Completed Leveling Notes, Precise Base)
Level the Baseline -Cont.
Measure the Baseline
Measure the Baseline -Cont. - en0593a0118
Measure the Baseline -Cont. - en0593a0119
Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of Completed Leveling Notes, Precise Taping)
Part B-Measuring Angels
Figure 3-4. Wild T-3 Precision Theodolite
Wild T-3 Precision Theodolite
Part B-Measuring Angels -Cont. - en0593a0124
Figure 3-6. Vertical Circle and Micrometer (New Model)
Figure 3-8. Determining the Minute Value
Figure 3-10. Determining the Minute Value - Example 2
Figure 3-11. Determining the Minute Value Using the Index Mark (Visible True-Degree Value)
Figure 3-12. Determining the Minute Value Using the Index Mark (True-Degree Value Not Visible)
Table 3-1. Circle Settings for First-Order and Second-Order, Class I Work With the Wild T-3
Part B-Measuring Angels -Cont. - en0593a0131
Part B-Measuring Angels -Cont. - en0593a0132
Part C:Traversing and Traverse Types
Figure 3-13. Open Traverse
Part C:Traversing and Traverse Types -Cont. - en0593a0135
Part C:Traversing and Traverse Types -Cont. - en0593a0136
Part C:Traversing and Traverse Types -Cont. - en0593a0137
Part C:Traversing and Traverse Types -Cont. - en0593a0138
Part C:Traversing and Traverse Types -Cont. - en0593a0139
Traits of a Good Recorder
Traits of a Good Recorder -Cont.
Lesson 3 Practice Exercise - en0593a0142
Lesson 3 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0143
Lesson 3 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0144
Lesson 3 Practice Exercise - en0593a0146
Lesson 3 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0147
Lesson 4 Leveling
Part A-Accuracy and Requirements
Leveling
Part B- Prescise Differential Leveling
Precise Leveling
Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leveling Instrument
Figure 4-3. Tubular Coincident Level Bubble and Fine-Adjustment Screw
Figure 4-4. Rod Reading
Precise Rods
Field Tests and Adjustments
Figure 4-5. Sample DA Form 5820 (Determination of the Stadia Constant)
Field Tests and Adjustments -Cont.
Figure 4-6. Sample DA Form 5820 (Recording and Computation of the C Factor)
Table 4-1. Total Correction for Curvature and Refraction
Methods and Procedures
Methods and Procedures -Cont. - en0593a0164
Figure 4-7. Sample DA Form 5820 (Recording Procedure, Main Line, 0.100 Stadia Constant)
Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code
Methods and Procedures -Cont. - en0593a0167
Methods and Procedures -Cont. - en0593a0168
Methods and Procedures -Cont. - en0593a0169
Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Crossing
Figure 4-10. Principle of Method For Crossing Obstacles
Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (Recording an Obstacle-Crossing Observation
Part C: Trigonometric Leveling
Figure 4-12. Trigonometric Leveling With the Telescope in an Elevated Position
Zenith Distances With the T-3 Theodolite
Figure 4-13. Vertical Circle
Figure 4-14. Sample DA Form 5817 (Recorded Zenith Observations)
Abstract of Zenith Distances
Figure 4-16. Sample DA Form 1943 (Abstract of Zenith Distances)
Abstract of Zenith Distances -Cont. - en0593a0180
Abstract of Zenith Distances -Cont. - en0593a0181
Lesson 4 Practice Exercise - en0593a0182
Lesson 4 Practice Exercise - en0593a0183
Lesson 4 Practice Exercise -Cont.
Lesson 4 Practice Exercise - en0593a0186
Lesson 5 Navigational Satellite and Timing Global Positioning System
Part A-Global Positioning System Overview
Broadcast Frequencies and Codes
Broadcast Messages and Ephemeris Data
Part B- Absolute Precise Positioning
Absolute-Positioning Error Sources
Absolute-Positioning Error Sources -Cont.
Accuracy Comparisons
Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error-Measurement Statistics for Absolute Point Positioning
Part C-Differential Precise Positioning
Global Positioning System Coordinates
Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Tracking
Vertical Measurements with GPS
Differential Error Sources
Part D-Planning Precise-Positioning Surveys
Network Design Factors
Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry, Connection, and Observing Criteria
Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry, Connection, and Observing Criteria -Cont.
Figure 5-1. Sample Station-Visibility Diagram
Network Design and Layout
Figure 5-2. GPS-S Network Design
Network Design and Layout -Cont.
Figure 5-3. Sample Satellite Sky Plot
Part E -Conducting Precise-Positioning Surveys
Part E -Conducting Precise-Positioning Surveys -Cont.
Differential Positioning
Differential Global Positioning System Carrier Phase Horizontal-Positioning Techniques
Figure 5-5. Station Occupation Time
Differential Global Positioning System Carrier Phase Horizontal-Positioning Techniques -Cont. - en0593a0215
Differential Global Positioning System Carrier Phase Horizontal-Positioning Techniques -Cont. - en0593a0216
Differential Global Positioning System Carrier Phase Horizontal-Positioning Techniques -Cont. - en0593a0217
Differential Global Positioning System Carrier Phase Horizontal-Positioning Techniques -Cont. - en0593a0218
Part F-Processing Precise-Positioning Survey Data
Processing Techniques
Baseline Solution by Linear Combination
Baseline Solution by Linear Combination-Cont.
Table 5-4. Guidelines for Determining the Baseline Quality
Postprocessing Criteria
Figure 5-7. Sample Static Baseline Formulations
Loop Closure Checks
Part G- Adjusting Precise Positioning Surveys
Survey Accuracy
Internal Versus External Accuracy
Internal and External Adjustments
Internal and External Adjustments -Cont.
Partially Constrained Adjustments
Rigorous Least Squares Adjustment
Rigorous Least Squares Adjustment -Cont.
Figure 5-8. Example of an Adjustment Statistics Summary
Evaluation of Adjustment Results
Table 5-5. Point-Closure Standards for Horizontal- and Vertical-Control Surveys
Lesson 5 Practice Exercise
Lesson 5 Practice Exercise -Cont.
Lesson 5 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0240
Lesson 5 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0242
Lesson 5 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0243
Lesson 6 Airfield Obstruct and Navigational-Aid Surveys
Part A- Federal Aviation Adminintration
Obstructions
Figure 6-1. Imaginary Surfaces
Figure 6-2. OIS Dimensions
Figure 6-3. Approach Surfaces
Obstructions -Cont.
Part B-Airfield Data Accuracy Requirements
Table 6-2. Electronic-NAVAID Accuracy Requirements
Part C-Reporting
Part C-Reporting -Cont. - en0593a0255
Part C-Reporting -Cont. - en0593a0256
Part C-Reporting -Cont. - en0593a0257
Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Airfield Compilation Report)
Table 6-6. Instructions for Completing DA Form 5821
Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PAR Data)
Figure 6-6. Sample DA Form 5827 (ILS Data)
Lesson 6 Practice Exercise
Lesson 6 Practice Exercise -Cont.
Answer Key and Feedback - en0593a0264
Surveying III (Topographic and Geotric Surveys)
Part A- Figures of the Earth
Figure 1-2. Flattening Fraction
Figure 1-3. Geodetic Coordinates
Geoid
Part B- Geodetic Surveying
Figure 1-5. Astronomic Coordinates
Figure 1-6. Deflection of the Vertical
Horizontal Control Technique
Figure 1-7. Principles of Traverse
Figure 1-8. Principles of Triangulation
Figure 1-9. Simple Triangulation Net - Example 1
Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation Net - Example 2
Figure 1-11. Arc Distance Determination by Star Occultation
Figure 1-12. SECOR Ranging of Satellite
Vertical Control by Gravimetric Technique
Vertical Control by Gravimetric Technique -Cont. - en0593a0024
Vertical Control by Gravimetric Technique -Cont. - en0593a0025
Figure 13. Airy's Theory of Compensation
Figure 1-14. Effects of Mass Anomalies on the Geoid
Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravimetric Method
Determining the Earth's Size and Shape
Part C- Geodetic Datums
Part C- Geodetic Datums -Cont.
Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Station Datum Orientation
Table 1-2. Deviation of the Laplace Equation
Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflection of the Vertical
Figure 1-18. Geoid Profile of the 98th Meridian
Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum Orientation
Figure 1-20. Gravimetric Datum Orientation
Figure 1-21. Astro-Gravimetric Datum Orientation
Part D-Connecting Horizontal Datums
Part E-Geodetic Systems
The Preferred Datums
Figure 1-23. Preferred Datums
Figure 1-24. The Preferred Datums are Relative Datums
The World Geodetic System
The World Geodetic System -Cont.
The National Imagery and Mapping Agency World System
The Department of Defense World Datum
Lesson 1 Practice Exercise - en0593a0048
Lesson 1 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0049
Lesson 1 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0050
Answer Key and Feedback - en0593a0052
Answer Key and Feedback -Cont. - en0593a0053
Lesson 2 Preliminary Survey Operations
Part A- Survey Missions
Part A- Survey Missions -Cont.
Part C-Survey Types
Part D-Survey Methods
Part E -Survey Classifications
Part F-Survey Networks
Part G -Survey Equipment
Part H-Field Work
Survey Purpose
Observations of Differences in Elevations
Field Notes (DA Form 4446)
Field Notes (DA Form 4446) -Cont.
Part I-Office Work
Establishing Records
Part J-Survey Communication
Park K- System Accuracies and Requirements
Figure 2-1. Solving Angles and Using the Law of Sines
Classification of Triangulation
A Typical Triangulation Net
Acceptable Error of Angle Measurements
Part L-Survey Reconnaissance
Electronic Distance-Measuring Equipment
Reconnaissance Party Composition
Recovery and Verification of Existing Control Stations
New Station Sites
Station Names
Landowner Permission
Station Description and Sketch
Intervisibility of Stations.
Table 2-1. Correction for the Earth's Curvature and Refraction
Figure 2-5. Clearance of Obstruction
Figure 2-7. The Effect of Curvature at an Intermediate Obstruction
Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solution
Figure 2-10. Horizontal Refraction Due to Air Currents Down a Slope or Hill
Final Selection of Station Sites
Final Selection of Station Sites -Cont.
Part M-Signals and Towers
Figure 2-11. Cells Connected in a Series
Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Parallel
Figure 2-14. Series-Parallel Connection of Nine Cells in Three Units of Three Cells Each
Part M-Signals and Towers -Cont.
Wooden Signal Stands
Figure 2-16. Construction Details for a 4-Foot Stand
Figure 2-16. Construction Details for a 4-Foot Stand (continued)
Wooden Towers
Lesson 2 Practice Exercise - en0593a0102
Lesson 2 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0103
Lesson 2 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0104
Answer Key and Feedback - en0593a0106
Lesson 3 Horizontal Measurements
Tape Measurements
Baseline Alignment
Instruments and Appliances
Members of a Baseline Party
Figure 3-1. Tape Stretcher and Spring Balance
Run a Baseline
Level the Baseline
Figure 3-2. DA Form 4446 (Sample of Completed Leveling Notes, Precise Base)
Level the Baseline -Cont.
Measure the Baseline
Measure the Baseline -Cont. - en0593a0118
Measure the Baseline -Cont. - en0593a0119
Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of Completed Leveling Notes, Precise Taping)
Part B-Measuring Angels
Figure 3-4. Wild T-3 Precision Theodolite
Wild T-3 Precision Theodolite
Part B-Measuring Angels -Cont. - en0593a0124
Figure 3-6. Vertical Circle and Micrometer (New Model)
Figure 3-8. Determining the Minute Value
Figure 3-10. Determining the Minute Value - Example 2
Figure 3-11. Determining the Minute Value Using the Index Mark (Visible True-Degree Value)
Figure 3-12. Determining the Minute Value Using the Index Mark (True-Degree Value Not Visible)
Table 3-1. Circle Settings for First-Order and Second-Order, Class I Work With the Wild T-3
Part B-Measuring Angels -Cont. - en0593a0131
Part B-Measuring Angels -Cont. - en0593a0132
Part C:Traversing and Traverse Types
Figure 3-13. Open Traverse
Part C:Traversing and Traverse Types -Cont. - en0593a0135
Part C:Traversing and Traverse Types -Cont. - en0593a0136
Part C:Traversing and Traverse Types -Cont. - en0593a0137
Part C:Traversing and Traverse Types -Cont. - en0593a0138
Part C:Traversing and Traverse Types -Cont. - en0593a0139
Traits of a Good Recorder
Traits of a Good Recorder -Cont.
Lesson 3 Practice Exercise - en0593a0142
Lesson 3 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0143
Lesson 3 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0144
Lesson 3 Practice Exercise - en0593a0146
Lesson 3 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0147
Lesson 4 Leveling
Part A-Accuracy and Requirements
Leveling
Part B- Prescise Differential Leveling
Precise Leveling
Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leveling Instrument
Figure 4-3. Tubular Coincident Level Bubble and Fine-Adjustment Screw
Figure 4-4. Rod Reading
Precise Rods
Field Tests and Adjustments
Figure 4-5. Sample DA Form 5820 (Determination of the Stadia Constant)
Field Tests and Adjustments -Cont.
Figure 4-6. Sample DA Form 5820 (Recording and Computation of the C Factor)
Table 4-1. Total Correction for Curvature and Refraction
Methods and Procedures
Methods and Procedures -Cont. - en0593a0164
Figure 4-7. Sample DA Form 5820 (Recording Procedure, Main Line, 0.100 Stadia Constant)
Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code
Methods and Procedures -Cont. - en0593a0167
Methods and Procedures -Cont. - en0593a0168
Methods and Procedures -Cont. - en0593a0169
Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Crossing
Figure 4-10. Principle of Method For Crossing Obstacles
Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (Recording an Obstacle-Crossing Observation
Part C: Trigonometric Leveling
Figure 4-12. Trigonometric Leveling With the Telescope in an Elevated Position
Zenith Distances With the T-3 Theodolite
Figure 4-13. Vertical Circle
Figure 4-14. Sample DA Form 5817 (Recorded Zenith Observations)
Abstract of Zenith Distances
Figure 4-16. Sample DA Form 1943 (Abstract of Zenith Distances)
Abstract of Zenith Distances -Cont. - en0593a0180
Abstract of Zenith Distances -Cont. - en0593a0181
Lesson 4 Practice Exercise - en0593a0182
Lesson 4 Practice Exercise - en0593a0183
Lesson 4 Practice Exercise -Cont.
Lesson 4 Practice Exercise - en0593a0186
Lesson 5 Navigational Satellite and Timing Global Positioning System
Part A-Global Positioning System Overview
Broadcast Frequencies and Codes
Broadcast Messages and Ephemeris Data
Part B- Absolute Precise Positioning
Absolute-Positioning Error Sources
Absolute-Positioning Error Sources -Cont.
Accuracy Comparisons
Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error-Measurement Statistics for Absolute Point Positioning
Part C-Differential Precise Positioning
Global Positioning System Coordinates
Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Tracking
Vertical Measurements with GPS
Differential Error Sources
Part D-Planning Precise-Positioning Surveys
Network Design Factors
Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry, Connection, and Observing Criteria
Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry, Connection, and Observing Criteria -Cont.
Figure 5-1. Sample Station-Visibility Diagram
Network Design and Layout
Figure 5-2. GPS-S Network Design
Network Design and Layout -Cont.
Figure 5-3. Sample Satellite Sky Plot
Part E -Conducting Precise-Positioning Surveys
Part E -Conducting Precise-Positioning Surveys -Cont.
Differential Positioning
Differential Global Positioning System Carrier Phase Horizontal-Positioning Techniques
Figure 5-5. Station Occupation Time
Differential Global Positioning System Carrier Phase Horizontal-Positioning Techniques -Cont. - en0593a0215
Differential Global Positioning System Carrier Phase Horizontal-Positioning Techniques -Cont. - en0593a0216
Differential Global Positioning System Carrier Phase Horizontal-Positioning Techniques -Cont. - en0593a0217
Differential Global Positioning System Carrier Phase Horizontal-Positioning Techniques -Cont. - en0593a0218
Part F-Processing Precise-Positioning Survey Data
Processing Techniques
Baseline Solution by Linear Combination
Baseline Solution by Linear Combination-Cont.
Table 5-4. Guidelines for Determining the Baseline Quality
Postprocessing Criteria
Figure 5-7. Sample Static Baseline Formulations
Loop Closure Checks
Part G- Adjusting Precise Positioning Surveys
Survey Accuracy
Internal Versus External Accuracy
Internal and External Adjustments
Internal and External Adjustments -Cont.
Partially Constrained Adjustments
Rigorous Least Squares Adjustment
Rigorous Least Squares Adjustment -Cont.
Figure 5-8. Example of an Adjustment Statistics Summary
Evaluation of Adjustment Results
Table 5-5. Point-Closure Standards for Horizontal- and Vertical-Control Surveys
Lesson 5 Practice Exercise
Lesson 5 Practice Exercise -Cont.
Lesson 5 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0240
Lesson 5 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0242
Lesson 5 Practice Exercise -Cont. - en0593a0243
Lesson 6 Airfield Obstruct and Navigational-Aid Surveys
Part A- Federal Aviation Adminintration
Obstructions
Figure 6-1. Imaginary Surfaces
Figure 6-2. OIS Dimensions
Figure 6-3. Approach Surfaces
Obstructions -Cont.
Part B-Airfield Data Accuracy Requirements
Table 6-2. Electronic-NAVAID Accuracy Requirements
Part C-Reporting
Part C-Reporting -Cont. - en0593a0255
Part C-Reporting -Cont. - en0593a0256
Part C-Reporting -Cont. - en0593a0257
Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Airfield Compilation Report)
Table 6-6. Instructions for Completing DA Form 5821
Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PAR Data)
Figure 6-6. Sample DA Form 5827 (ILS Data)
Lesson 6 Practice Exercise
Lesson 6 Practice Exercise -Cont.
Answer Key and Feedback - en0593a0264
Surveying III (Topographic and Geotric Surveys)
