Framing

Foundations

Figure 1-26. Types of columns or piers

Frame Structures
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30

(1) Light siding. Chicken wire and

water-resistant bituminous-coated paper can be

sandwiched to provide adequate temporary cladding

in temperate and tropical climates.

(2) Salvaged material.

Salvaged

sheet metal such as corrugated material or gasoline

cans can be utilized as siding in the construction of

emergency housing.

Figure 1-25. Types of foundation walls.

(3) Local timber. Poles trimmed from

saplings or bamboo can be constructed into

spaced according to the weight to be carried. In most

reasonably sound framing. Such materials may also

cases the spacing is from 6 to 10 feet. Figure 1-26

be secured with native vines or grasses as a further

shows the different types of piers with different types

expedient.

of footings. Wood piers are generally used since they

are installed with the least time and labor. Where

framing.

(4) Wood-substitute

wood piers are 3 feet or more above the ground,

Adobe, which is soil, straw, and water, "puddled" to

braces are necessary (fig. 1-7).

proper consistency can be used to form walls, floors,

and foundations. This mixture may be used to form

1-28. FRAMING

sun-dried bricks and be adaptable to construction

After the building has been laid out and the

requirements. Adobe may be used for walls, floors,

batter boards set in place, the carpenter proceeds to

and/or roofs with adequate support.

construct the framework of the building. Framing is

(5) Excavations. Proper excavations

the skeleton upon which the covering is to be placed.

and simple log cribbing may be covered with sod and

Just as the bony skeleton is the basic supporting

carefully drained to provide adequate shelter. This

structure of the body, so the framework of a building

type of construction should be used only under

contains its fundamental strength. The framework

emergency.

consists of the foundation walls, exterior walls,

flooring, roofing, beams, trusses, partitions, and

b. Light frame construction. Very little

ceiling.

of the material used in light construction needs to be

framed. Much of the framing that must be done can

a. Substitute, expedient, and improvised

be accomplished while the staking out and squaring

framing.

The particular form that substitute,

of the budding are being completed. By use of a

expedient, and improvised buildings may take is

"shifting" organization, a large force of men can be

usually determined by circumstances. Therefore it

kept working systematically without loss of time for

depends upon the particular nature of such

completion of framing. When an advance crew has

circumstances as the time and place of building, the

the skeleton of a building far enough along so the

existence of an emergency, and the form it takes.

sides can be boarded, a crew large enough to keep

The ideas included in (1) through (5) below

pace with them can be putting on siding and roofing

constitute departures from standard plans and the

while others are making doors and so forth. Behind

adaptation of natural materials to some

the crew nailing on siding, a gang can be roofing.

circumstances, and may suggest further expedients

But it must be remembered that those men erecting

that would be adjustable to others. Available

the frame should be the best men.

material and equipment, labor, climatic conditions,

and local requirements must all be considered before

1-29. SILLS

plans are substituted or amended, or different

a. The work involved in sill construction

materials or equipment substituted for standard or

is very important to the carpenter. The foundation