largely derived from experiences with civilian
b. Frigid climate. The extremes of frigid
contracts. In a theater of operations, these rates must
weather require modification of temperate-climate
be modified according to climate, terrain, extent of
plans. Floors are laid double thick and walls and roof
enemy
and
other
conditions.
are insulated. Woodfloor buildings have skirting to
the ground. Heating is by individual stoves. Door
Consequently they are primarily intended to be
and window openings are small, sufficient only to
used as planning guides rather than as production
provide adequate ventilation. Since standard roof
standards.
framing is designed for snow loads of only 15 pounds
b. Detailed labor production estimate.
per square foot, roof construction must be
Company and battalion progress schedules and
strengthened if partial clearing of heavier snow from
output records of comparable work performed under
roofs is impractical. Resistance to high wind
similar conditions are the most reliable bases for
velocities should be provided by guy wires, when
estimating labor capabilities. This is one of the major
necessary.
reasons why it is so important that engineer units
keep detailed, accurate records of all work
c. Tropical climate. Floor plans for
accomplished. If such data are not available, the
temperate climates are also used in tropical climates,
construction handbook and manuals to which you
but are modified to provide as much circulation of air
were referred previously contain information on
as possible. Most buildings have wood floors, raised
average labor production for various building
above ground to insure dryness and to prevent
operations. The engineer officer must use good
mildew and the entrance of insects.
Use of
judgment and sound knowledge of construction
continuous screened openings, ridge vents, and
principles in applying these standard estimates to his
floorlevel vents provides the maximum ventilation
particular building operations. He should take into
possible, consistent with the shelter required.
account such factors as: experience and training of
Overhanging eaves exclude the direct rays of the sun
personnel, availability of special tools and equipment
and protect openings during rainstorms. To protect
and materials, method of cutting and assembling
the building against termites, all wood members
components, erection procedures, and weather and
touching the ground should be treated and have metal
climate conditions.
shields installed to prevent insect infestation.
Resistance to high wind velocities should be provided
5-5.
INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON DESIGN
by guy wires, when necessary.
a. Temperate climate. Unless otherwise
5-6.
CONCRETE FLOORS
indicated, standard plans provide minimum
requirements for a temperate climate. No special
Concrete floors are often used in TO
factors influence this design. Floors are earth, wood,
construction, especially for latrines, bathhouses,
or concrete, as necessary. Heating is by individual
repair and assembly shops, and certain types of
stoves and ventilation by adequate doors and
warehouses where earthen or wooden floors are not
windows. Roof framing shown on standard plans is
suitable. These floors are made by placing the
designed for a snow load of 15 pounds per square
concrete on the ground after the earth has been
foot. If heavier loads of snow can be partially
graded and tamped. This type of floor is likely to be
removed, stronger original framing is unnecessary.
damp unless protected. Drainage is provided, both
Wet snow approximately 6 inches deep or dry snow
for the floor area and for the area near the floor, to
approximately 18 inches deep weighs about 15
prevent flooding after heavy rains. The floor should
pounds per square foot. Standard buildings are
be reinforced with steel or wire mesh. Where
designed to resist normal wind forces of 10 pounds
concrete floors are to be placed, a foundation wall
per square foot. In areas where high wind velocities
may be placed first and the
occur, all buildings should be anchored by guys
instead of redesigned as to framing.
5-8
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