Figure 11.
Loop system.
Figure 12.
Dead end system.
lines are connected so the water will
covered in this course.
However, the
continuously flow while it is being
design for a dead end system may be
drawn from any point on the loop.
used as an expedient for designing a
This system is
less vulnerable to
loop system, although this will result
breakdowns since valves may be located
in an overdesigned system.
to reroute the flow of water and
11. FLUID FUNDAMENTALS
isolate relatively small trouble areas
(fig 11).
a. Pressure.
Pressure is
defined
(2) Dead end system.
The dead
as the force per unit area.
end system is one in which there are
direct lines from the mains to the
Its units are usually pounds
per
outlet
without
the
interconnected
square inch, but they could be
any
lines as in the loop system.
Because
force unit per area.
less construction effort and materials
are required, the dead end system is
b. Atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric
the type most often used in TO
pressure varies slightly from time to
construction (fig 12). Since the loop
time depending on weather and elevation
system is so seldom used in TO
construction,
its
design
is
not
3-13
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